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Carriers are persons who carry persons or goods either for profit or gratuitously.
Carriers who transport persons or goods are normally classified as: (1) common carriers; (2) private carriers; or (3) other types of carriers with specific rights and duties. The rights and duties of a common carrier come from the common law and act as an insurer of the safety of the goods. As a private carrier, he has the legal obligations of a bailee and must take reasonable care of the goods and must refrain from converting them. Currently, the status of common carrier for international carriage is unlikely since English law relating to carriage by road, rail, sea or air derives from international conventions.
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Environmental permit transfer requirements—Checklist Environmental permits An environmental permit is required to operate a regulated facility or cause or knowingly permit a water discharge activity or groundwater activity. Former pollution prevention and control (PPC) permits, waste management licences, water discharge consents, groundwater authorisation and radioactive substances authorisations are now called environmental permits. Some facilities are regulated by the EA in England or the Natural Resources Wales (NRW) in Wales, while others are regulated by the relevant local authority. On 1 January 2017, the Environmental Permitting (England and Wales) Regulations 2016 (EPR 2016), SI 2016/1154 came into force, revoking and consolidating the Environmental Permitting (England and Wales) Regulations 2010 (EPR 2010), SI 2010/675 which had been amended on numerous occasions. The EPR 2016 is the principle legislation governing the environmental permitting and compliance regime which applies to various activities and industries and all offences occurring on or after 1 January 2017 will be prosecuted under the EPR 2016. Offences committed before 1 January 2017, will be prosecuted under the EPR 2010....
Establishing a save as you earn (SAYE) scheme and granting SAYE options—all-encompassing resource pack For more general information on save as you earn (SAYE) schemes, see Practice Note: How SAYE schemes work and key features. Step Details of step Lexis®PSL resources required to implement step Timing of step 1 Determine whether the company qualifies to operate an SAYE scheme The SAYE regime is prescriptive and sets out numerous requirements that must be met at the time the options are granted, including in relation to the company granting the options. It is essential to establish whether the company whose shares are being granted under option qualifies to operate an SAYE scheme first. The proposed option holders must also meet certain requirements in order to be granted SAYE options. For further detailed information on the SAYE eligibility requirements relating to the company, see Practice Note: SAYE—companies which qualify to operate an SAYE scheme. For further detailed information on the SAYE eligibility requirements relating to the employee, see Practice Note:...
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This Practice Note provides an introduction to two types of cargo carrier; common carriers and private carriers, and explains the key aspects of their respective liabilities under their contractual relationships. The Practice Note concerns the carriage of goods only, and not the carriage of passengers.Definition of carrierA ‘carrier’ can be simply defined as a person who carries cargo (or indeed carries passengers, but passenger carriage is outside the scope of this Practice Note) for the benefit of other persons, whether gratuitously or for payment (or ‘reward’).The types of carrier are:•common carriers•private carriers•other types of carriers with special rights and dutiesFor the avoidance of doubt, the following are not carriers:•stevedores•forwarding agents who merely arrange or procure carriage by othersWhile they are not carriers for the purposes of this Practice Note, it is worth mentioning that logistics companies will often contract with their clients under terms covering the storage and carriage of goods. The United Kingdom Warehousing Association (UKWA) Contract Conditions for Logistics provides an example of such standard terms frequently used...
This Practice Note considers the regimes covering carriage of goods by road both in the UK with no international element and also overseas where there is an element of international carriage of goods under the Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage of Goods by Road (CMR Convention). It explains the liability of the carrier and measure of damages at common law, and the interplay with widely used hauliers’ standard terms. The CMR Convention is explained, an explanation of multimodal transport is provided, and limitation of liability, jurisdiction and time bars under the CMR Convention are also discussed. The Practice Note also provides an introduction to the consignment note, liability for loss or delay in transit and the defences available to the carrier.This Practice Note will consider the regimes covering:•carriage of goods by road within the jurisdiction•international carriage of goods under the CMR ConventionIn relation to carriage within the jurisdiction, the Practice Note outlines approaches to incorporation of standard terms and exclusion or limitation of liability by carriers. The...
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Off-premises (doorstep) terms and conditions for the supply of goods—business-to-consumer Please read the following important terms and conditions before you buy anything from us and check that they contain everything you want and nothing that you are not willing to agree to. Summary of some of your key rights: The Consumer Contracts (Information, Cancellation and Additional Charges) Regulations 2013 say that up to 14 days after receiving your goods, in most cases, you can change your mind and get a full refund. The Consumer Rights Act 2015 says goods must be as described, fit for purpose and of satisfactory quality. During the expected lifespan of your product you’re entitled to the following: • up to 30 days: if your goods are faulty, you can get a refund; • up to six months: if it can’t be repaired or replaced, then you’re entitled to a full refund in most cases; • up to six years: if the goods do not last a reasonable length of time, you may be entitled to...
Mail order terms and conditions for the supply of goods—business-to-consumer Please read the following important terms and conditions before you buy anything from our catalogue and check that they contain everything you want and nothing that you are not willing to agree to. Summary of some of your key rights: The Consumer Contracts (Information, Cancellation and Additional Charges) Regulations 2013 say that up to 14 days after receiving your goods, in most cases, you can change your mind and get a full refund. The Consumer Rights Act 2015 says goods must be as described, fit for purpose and of satisfactory quality. During the expected lifespan of your product you’re entitled to the following: • up to 30 days: if your goods are faulty, you can get a refund; • up to six months: if it can’t be repaired or replaced, then you’re entitled to a full refund in most cases; • up to six years: if the goods do not last a reasonable length of time, you may be entitled...
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If a person is a dual UK/EU national, can they use their EU passport to enter the EU and avoid the need of an ETIAS and use their UK passport to re-enter the UK and avoid the ETA? Where a person who is a British citizen and also a citizen of an EU Member State is entering the UK, their relevant passport for the purposes of entry should be their British passport. This is in order to show that they have the right of abode in the UK as a British citizen. See Q&A: What is the law that governs the entry of British citizens to the UK and in particular, what documentation they must provide to an immigration officer as evidence of their nationality? Similar considerations are likely to pertain as regards their entry to the EU Member State of which they are a citizen, depending on the law of that state. As regards entry to another EU Member State, they will want to enter on their EU state...
Would handling (infringing) goods (eg storing, packing and dispatching them) on behalf of the manufacturer in itself constitute infringement of any intellectual property rights protecting the goods where title in the goods remains with the manufacturer? Patent infringement A patent or published patent application is infringed if certain acts are performed in the UK without the consent of the patent proprietor or patent applicant. The acts in question, where the invention is a product, are set out in section 60(1)(a) of the Patents Act 1977 (PA 1977), and include making, disposing of, offering to dispose of, using or importing the product or keeping the product whether for disposal or otherwise. The meaning of keeping the product, whether for disposal or otherwise, has been interpreted very narrowly by the courts and does not cover mere possession of a product or simply purchasing a product. In Smith Kline & French v RD Harbottle [1980] RPC 363 (not reported by ÑÇÖÞÉ«ÇéÍø®), it was held that it means keeping in stock,...
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Details of updates to HMRC import, export and customs guidance for the period from 28 May to 2 June 2025.
Commercial analysis: Tariffs have come into the international spotlight in 2025, with the US imposing unprecedented tariffs on imports and other countries, including Canada, China and the EU, imposing retaliatory tariffs on the US in response. These measures have impacted global markets and introduced economic and geopolitical uncertainty. In this article, Peter McCormack and James Lindop, both partners at Eversheds Sutherland, look at the purpose of tariffs, their impact on commercial contracts and supply chains and, from an English law perspective, the measures that businesses may take to deal with this impact.
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